陈凯博客： www.kaichenblog.blogspot.com
儒家伪道德vs.基督精神
Confucianism vs. Christianity
价值一语： Words of Value:
It is not guided missiles but guided morals that is our great need today. --- George L. Ford: Wesleyan Methodist
我们今天最需要的并不是导向的炸弹，而是导向的道德。 --- George L Ford: Wesleyan Methodist
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CHINA'S HONOR CODE FROM PAST - ITS CONFUCIAN CONNECTION TO PSEUDO MORALS AND ETHIC OF TODAY
从中国的伪道德经及其儒家起源看今日中国社会的道德虚无
By Kai Chen 陈凯 （Written 4/17/2006, Reprint 10/10/2011)
On this Saturday's LA Times' front page, there was an article entitled "China's Honor Code". It entails how nowadays the Chinese children fail to honor the ancient Confucian moral code of filial piety.
Some Chinese authorities even try to revive the ancient practice by erecting laws, enlisting tactics of shame by publishing the names of those who did not support their parents, and even forcing the school children to wash their parents' feet after they get home from school and refort their filial acts back to the school authority.
Those of you who fail to see the connection of Chinese feudal ethics based on Confucian teachings to a despotic authority still in control of Chinese society, should at least have seen it a little more clearly by now. The very concept of Nation is expressed in two characters in Chinese - "Guo Jia" - Nation Family, in congruent with core Confucian ethics based strictly on the order of "Emperor and Subordinates, Father and Sons". Now in a soulless Chinese society, the Communist Party and authorities want to tap into the ancient moral codes to establish some order and control. Forcing children to take care of their elders is only one of the tactics they use to enforce the slave mentality in the society. The implication is unmistakably political - since the offspring have the obligation to serve the elders, the population has the obligation to serve the nation - the communist Party-State, by logical extension of Confucian reasoning.
I say that Confucian ethics is a pseudo-moral code, precisely because its nature of lack of freedom and individuality, for all the Confucian ethics are "Others-Oriented", in contrast to Christian morals which are established on the priciple of Freedom and a self-directed, self-enforced orientation.
Loyalty, Filial Piety, Chastity and Devotion to Friends are all dependent on others to judge one's worth in his pursuit of being moral. One is only to perform for others and the state throughout his life, NOT to live for his own goals and innermost yearnings. And this code of ethics is strictly hierarchical and one-way street. There has never been an element of Emperor being loyal to his subordinates. The very term Loyalty implies bottom-up direction. There has never been an element of parents or elders being dedicated to and caring for their children. Childrens are tools for the elders, and are subjects to their elders no matter how old they are. "When father wants his son to die, his son has to die". There has never been a demand of husband to his wife. Chastity is strictly for women, with their unconditioned submission and bond-feet to please men. There has never been admission and recognition of self-interest and individual dignity. Pleasing others and friends, being used and even abused by them, is viewed as devotion and ultimately ethical. There have no standards on these codes are judged and evaluated, except in others' eyes, in the collective and superiors' feelings.
In Confucian ethics, somehow being used by others and using others are justified as being the very sign of Chinese identity. Using themselves as means to an end, to the collective and others, and using others without consent to justify some lofty goals are viewed not only as normal and Chinese, but as the ultimate morals. Cultural slavery is the necessary outcome of these pseudo-morals and ethics. And the very despotism come Chinese claim to dislike and despise is precisely established on this "Others-Oriented" fake morals. Everyone in this code justifies their own men-using and men-eating, under the lofty Confucian ethics. Everyone is also justifying their victimhood and helplessness by saying they are the products of their own cultural environment and they can never be free from their own Chineseness given by their own ancestors. Everyone is vehemently Nationalistic in defending this pseudo code of honor. The recent return of Wang Zhizhi to China to serve the Party-State's interests is only one examples of such moral degradation and corruption.
In sharp contrast, Freedom is the prerequisit in Christian morals and ethics. All the morals are accepted by individuals, NOT forced upon them. Equality is the necessary outcome of this moral code. Every individual is a beginning and end to himself and the only judge of his moral behavior is God through his own conscience. Thus Christian ethics is Self-Oriented and Self-Directed. Any suggestion of force and involuntary action by individuals are viewed strictly as immoral and corrupt. Individuals are not to be used as animals, as means to an end, no matter how lofty the end might be, no matter how much power and how many people the enforcer possesses. This is real morality, real ethics. They are timeless values encoded in our genes and bones, and embobied in our yearning for liberty, life and happiness. This is HUMAN morals and ethics.
Those who profess to love freedom and also love Confucian ethics should have realized the intrinsic contradiction of their mind-set. One cannot truly love freedom without accepting the very responsibility it entails. One cannot truly understand liberty without understanding choice and open-ended possibilities. Those who want their group identity to supercede their individual identity should have given the very results it always leads to the proper name - Slavery. Those who claim to want freedom yet don't want to cast away the fake security and certainty the slave owners always promise and guaranty their subjects should properly name their actions as "Prostitution with a Chastity Plate hanging in front of their chests". Those who want to plant bitter melon vines in their fields, but refuse to accept the bitter fruits, or deny their original intention by saying "I never meant that the fruits are bitter" should property get their heads examined, for they are bordering on Bipolar and Schizophrenia.
As I have encountered many Chinese and many in the liberal left in America, I have found this border-line Bipolar and Schizophrenia to be prevalent. All of them claim to have good intentions, all of them claim to want to save others and serve others. (Even today forcing and conditioning individuals to Serve the People is still the paramount accepted and promoted ethics in China.) All of them excuse themselves when they see the murder and mayhem in their beloved despotic countries and collective nations around the world with wail such as "I didn't mean that when I first supported their ideologies" or "the ideologies of Communism and Fascism are good, only the practice of Bad people give them bad names".
Where are your individual moral integrity and responsibility? Where is your mental faculty for reason and logic? Where are you as an indivisible individual?
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平里
注册时间: 2006-02-18
发表于: Sun Apr 30, 2006 11:04 pm
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To Kai Chen:
In my humble opinion,
Communist authority does not represent China. It only represents an evil force that stole and trampled China. Whatever it perpetrates in China at current stage can not be taken as an account against Chinese culture.
// The key for sustaining any society is its legal system instead of the cultural custom. Any modern society that depends on cultural custom is doomed to lose the trust by the ordinaries. As the excellent example you provided, the communist just tries to take off the responsibility for caring elders. Any responsible government should provide a certain amount of money to each elder indistinguishably as USA.
// The legitimate comparison should be between two family in the same social system. Taking the example a Chinese family with elders and an American family both in USA receiving the same government support, which parents enjoys more of their lives? I think it'll be Chinese family where the parents receives much more children's visit due to their filial tradition. In contrast, the American elders most likely receive much less, if any, visit from their children. Therefore, Chinese elders will be happier in a healthy social system thanks to their Confucius culture.
// I do admit that Chinese culture including Confucius doctrines have lots of downside that needs to be cleaned up but this, the filial tradition, is good.
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发表于: Mon May 01, 2006 1:34 pm 发表主题: reply to Pingli 平里
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Dear Pingli:
The trap the false morals that the Chinese often fall in is what I have already stated: They attach certain concrete appearances with morals.
For example, elders should be respected regardless. As a moral and an ethic, it sounds perfectly OK. But to dwell deeper into it, you can see this is exactly what China's despots' depend on - absolutel obedience and conformity, not to moral absolutes, but to authoritarian power based on old age. The old-age politics in China has doomed generations of Chinese with a stagnant and rigid political culture, void of any new ideas and fresh blood, therefore void of any vitality.
Respect and love has morals in them. They are earned, not given. Should you respect Mao because he was older than others? Should the elders abuse their offsprings at will simply because they are old? Should a dying Aids patient smear his feces onto others simply because he is going to die? Should Rodney King who was beaten by the Police unjustly be viewed as a hero? Is victim always just and good? Is poverty always a virtue and being rich always immoral, or vice versa?
I admire those in America whose parents have neglected them or abused them eventually have the courage to face their past abuses and draw a moral line with their parents, to devote their lives never to abuse and neglect their offsprings. NBA's Spurs' Bruce Bowen is only one example. His parents totally abandoned him when he was young. But he had found a way not just to survive, but to thrive as a great human being. When his birth parents attempt to come back to his life, he refused to let them, for he knows a line has to be drawn so he is not going to repeat the past evil.
I do indeed regularly visit my mother, 86. It is not because I am obligated by tradition that I do it, buy because I love her, for she never abused me. This is more than I can say for my big brother who regularly beat me up for no reason. I never call him or visit him. I meet him only once a year when my mother has a gathering.
Some say that China is like a mother, no matter how ugly she is, she is still your mother. I entirely oppose such a view for it implies a fake moral. What is this mother raped you and abused you and poisoned you? What is this so called mother is not only ugly, but evil? Are you still obligated to love her?
Evil is perpetuated this way: In psychology you often find people who have been abused often abuse others. People who have been abused as a child often repeat the pattern in abusing their own children.
Someone has to have the moral clarity and courage to draw a line, to end this vicious cycle of abuse. Victims and victimizers must be eliminated at the same time, the abusers and the abused, the masters and the slave, the scam artist and the ignorant stupid takers must be disappearing at the same time. A good cycle of human dignity, self-respect and true morality must be established.
With respect and best wishes. Kai Chen
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平里
注册时间: 2006-02-18
帖子: 25
发表于: Tue May 02, 2006 11:38 am
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To Kai Chen:
This is my view on China's motherhood.
China has been and will continually to be my dear motherland.
However, she is sick, sickened by tuberculosis and schizophrenia.
As a child, I feel responsible to treat her with all my asset.
However, most people don't feel the sickness of our motherland, due to the heavy impact from propaganda. Some rather ignore the illness of our mother, violating the very concept of filial piety spirit.
Our culture, in current China, is in a non-existence status, destructed by the communist. Anything you describe as vulgar to China or Chinese people can not be attributed to the non-existing thing, our culture.
It'll be, to certain degree, legitimate for you to comment on our culture by describing Taiwan people's behavior since they don't have communist ruining their cultural spirit. If Taiwan is as vulgar as China, I will probably think of China's cultural problem. But I don't think that's the case for Taiwan. From my father's comment, Taiwan people behaves more like our Chinese people before 1949, reflecting our culture more, even not perfectly.
I think we are seeing China from different perspectives.
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发表于: Wed May 03, 2006 8:31 am 发表主题: reply to Pingli 平里
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Dear Pingli:
Thanks for a thoughtful message and I appreciate it.
Yes indeed, Taiwan has made a great progress toward the direction of freedom, human dignity and rights. There is no doubt about it. We are all proud of what Taiwan can achieve with only a few decades' hard work, with the moral compass of liberty, democracy, human rights, truth, justice.
My only contention with you is you think this progress is because of Chinese culture, not inspite of obsticles posted by the Chinese culture, while I think the reason is the opposite. It is because in Taiwan, the Western culture of humanity and individual human rights has, despite the poisons left by our Chinese ancestors, indeed taken roots, due to the transformation of its culture and cultural soil content.
If you study the vocabulary of the Taiwanese people, you will find most of it are translated from English. If you read Taiwanese papers, many terms and vocabulary are new and nonexistenct a few decades ago. Taiwanese economy has been sustained by its trade with America and the West. Taiwanese students have been educated in America and West, and most Taiwanese elite and government officials are proficient in English. Many of them have degrees in American universities. Taiwan's constitution is modeled after America's with its inner checks and balances, with its separate branches of government. Freedom of speech, nonexistence with our Chinese ancestors, is guanrantied now in Taiwan. The news media provides further more check and balances on governmental abuses. Men and women have equal rights in voting and expressions. This phenomenon is nonexistent with our ancestors. Different religions can coexist peacefully in Taiwan and Christianity played a big part in forming this tolerent culture. Sun Yetsun and Li Denhui were Christian believers, humanity, NOT being Chinese, are their first concern.
I can list many of positive changes in Taiwan, not because of their Chineseness, but inspite of it. Nonetheless, Taiwan has provided a positive role model to China. It has proven that transplantation of Western model of democracy and liberty to ensure human dignity is not only feasible, but workable as well. But the prerequsite of such a transplantation has to be a cultural soil content transformation. Otherwise, no matter how good the ideal is and how excellent the seed is, it will rot in a poisonous soil composite. It will never bud and fruit. Taiwan has a long way to go, but its direction is definitely right.
Contrast to what China has now: None of the Chinese current leaders has been educated in the West. Very small percetage of population in China speak English, none in the Politburo does. The fact is that only the Communist Politburo controls China, not the government. Army is loyal only to the Party and the despots. The mainland communist regime did everything to filter out Western infulence even its economy depends on America and West. The internet police have effectively checked and eliminated exchange of ideas with America and West. People in the mainland will not see and read what we are doing on this forum. Religion in China is government controlled for the only purpose of "serving the state". Press is not free to express. There is no private land ownership, much like in our ancestors' time, everything is emperor's. Government is not legitimate in nature by the consent of the governed, by election, their legitimacy is only by the muzzle of a gun, much like our ancestors. Constitution is fake for it espouses Communist's absolute power over people. There is no independent judiciary and separation of power in the government, much like our ancestors. Women's rights are trampled for they are not equal with men, girls are routinely drowned in China's "one child" evil policy, much like the practice by our ancestors. Individuals have no rights to express and they are used and educated to be the tools of the state, much like our ancestors....
If you are honestly taking a look at what is happening in China and in Taiwan, you have to say Taiwan cannot be farther apart from our ancestors and their despotic traditions; and China cannot be more resembled of the despotic values and traditions of our ancestors, with no elections, no rights, no freedom to express, no equality, no democracy and its institutions....
This misperception and misconception of that Taiwan is more Chinese are all products in people's fantasy and illusion. It simply is NOT a reality. Open your eyes in your mind and your soul, you may see the truth. Please stop thinking with your Chinese character-based language, with your skin color or the illusory cultural heritage, or national borders and start thinking with your brain which is designed for thinking, and start cleansing your souls with humanity and decency to rid off the decay.
Best regard. Kai Chen
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《被欺骗的中国人》 二十五 儒教是道德杀手
中国人一提到道德，所指的就是儒教道德，仿佛道德属孔家专卖，此外别无分店。这是个认识上的误区，在这个世界上，有着形形色色的道德，每一种宗教都是一套完整独立的道德价值观。这些价值观并不相同，甚至相互对立，但他们都自称自己是真善美，于是世界上便有了无休止的争吵和战争。
道德包括的内容很广泛，比如真与假，善与恶，美与丑，正义与邪恶，诚实与欺诈等等，其中有些内容以上诸节已经提过，这里，咱们就从诚信、公德、奸淫、残忍四个方面来看看孔家店里出售的“道德”到底是个什麽玩意儿。
儒教是一种无神论宗教，是一种反宗教宗教，是一种“反话”宗教，因为他所标榜的，与它最终所导致的结果正好相反：它标榜忠，结果中国人最不忠；它标榜孝，结果中国人最不孝；它标榜诚信，结果中国人最狡诈。
中国人的狡诈是举世闻名的。
在欧洲人将中国视为乌托邦而大肆鼓吹中国的思想启蒙运动时期，著名思想家孟德斯鸠就不客气地指出：
“在拉希代孟，偷盗是准许的，在中国，欺骗是准许的。”
“（在中国）一切用暴力获得的东西都是禁止的，一切用术数或狡诈取得的东西都是许可的。”
用中国老百姓的话说就是：“打死人偿命，缺死人不偿命”。
“中国人的生活完全以礼为指南，但他们确实地球上最会骗人的民族。这特别表现在他们从事贸易的时候。虽然贸易会很自然地激起人们信实的感情，但他却从未激起中国人的信实。向他们买东西的人要自己带秤，每个商人有三种秤，一种是买进用的重秤，一种是卖出用的轻秤，一种是准确的秤，这是和那些对他有戒备的人们交易时用的。 ” ⑴
今天中国的消费者都熟悉第二种秤，即卖出时的轻秤。
黑格尔为中国人的欺诈找了原因：中国人没有荣誉感，残酷的体罚随时随地都会发生，父亲对儿子，皇帝对大臣，官吏对百姓，甚至官吏对官吏。
“中国人没有荣誉感，自卑，所以导致道德败坏，欺诈成风。”⑵
中国人小的时候尚有荣誉感，但在成长的过程中，这种天生的荣誉感就被家长、警察的打骂训斥和群众的嘲笑一点一点给抹煞了。
英国思想家罗素对中国是友好的，１９２０年他到中国访问，曾称赞了中国的民风、文教与艺术，但私下在给情人的信中他却说：
“中国非常压抑，他正在朽败腐烂，就像晚期的罗马帝国一样。”
“中国人没心肠、懒惰、不诚实。”⑶
到底是思想家，中国人没心肠，也看得出来。
一位英国教授吉德（Ｋｉｄｄ １７９９－１８４３）曾说：
“倘若选择一种可作为中国人特性的美德，使它不仅在实践中会遭到排拒，而且从理论上讲，与现实的虚伪处世态度形成了最鲜明的对照，那么选择“信用”就是再恰当不过了，中国人的公私道德往往与真正的诚挚守信如此截然对立，以至于任何敌对一方都完全可以选取中国人的言行不一，口是心非作为嘲讽他们的生动材料。
虚伪、欺骗、不守信用、趋炎附势才是中国人最为突出、鲜明的特征。”⑷
一针见血。
在中国生活了近５０年的美国传教士明恩溥（１８４５－１９３２）则说：
“中国人缺乏信用最典型的一方面便是体现在他们对待孩子的行为上。他们不时告诫自己的孩子，不要讲求信用，不过，无论是大人还是孩子，都没有意识到这一事实。”
“ 一位中国教师，被雇请抄写和注释中国的格言，在写下古人一句绝妙的格言后，便为之进行注释道：即使在别人粗鲁地向你求助时，也绝不应拒绝，相反，应在表面上答应下来，虽然内心毫无相助之义，先拖到明天，再拖到后天，他解释说，这样，你就心安了。据我们所知，这一方法，正是有债款要还的中国人在别人讨债时通常所采用的，没有人会奢求他在一提出偿还要求时，便能收回自己的债款，因此没能收回时，他也绝不失望。不过，欠债人一般会最肯定的告诉他，下一次一定还给他，要不就下下次，下下下次再还给他。”
“假分量、假尺码、假钱钞、假货物、这些在中国都是在所难免的。甚至在挂有醒目的大招牌“货真价实”“言不二价”的远近有名的大字号，也是说一套，做一套，明一套，暗一套，里面的东西与他所标榜的，根本就不是一回事。”
“中国社会，只要有信任便会有足够钱财拿出来开发利用丰富的资源，发展他的实业。中国地大物博，资源丰富，这方面有得天独厚的优越条件，可惜一直未加以利用，因为整个社会都缺乏一种相互信任、诚实、守信的作风，人们都将自己积敛起来的财富妥善、秘密地藏了起来。这样就导致了社会资金的分流与不集中。试想，在如此虚伪、欺诈的社会氛围之下，谁又肯将自己辛辛苦苦挣来的一点钱拿出来给公家使用呢？对当前的中国，拥有什麽，缺少什麽，必须要有充分的了解。她完全有足够的知识、学问来满足它的各种需要，在每一方面，也都不缺少人才，但是，彼此间缺乏建立在真挚基础上的相互信任，使所有的这一切均不足以复兴帝国。”
本来还认为，中国人的骗术很高，很有人情味，没想到人家欧美人是火眼金睛，比中国人自己看得更透彻。
清朝、民国、直到今天，中国的社会如此一致，竟如克隆一般，当然，也有“与时俱进”的一面，那就是造价的技术更高了，范围更广了，行骗的手段更多了。
张三造假酒骗李四，李四造假烟骗王五，王五造假药骗赵六，赵刘给猪喂瘦肉精、给猪肉注水再骗张三、李四、王五，如此循环不已……。中国人也知道这种互骗游戏规则的最终结果是大家均成为受害者，但是谁也改变不了他，只能适应它。那些有权力、有责任改变他的执法者，也不能、不想改变它，因为他们是这个互骗游戏规则的最大受益者。人人都遵纪守法，他们除了工资之外就不会有任何油水，人人造假作弊，他们就可处处揩油。这油水最终出在消费者身上，造假行骗者无意间都成了官爷们的“税收员”，官爷们怎么可能动真格的查处他们，自断财路呢？
这个互骗的游戏规则是缺乏诚信、道德败坏的产物，反过来，他又加剧了道德败坏。人人都给猪肉注水了，你也必须给猪肉注水，否则，你将会被淘汰出局。人人都给猪肉注水了，只有注得多的人才会有利润可赚。适者生存，在中国，只有心狠手黑的人才会成为最终的成功者。
那些将美国成功人士作为自己的学习榜样的中国年轻人无疑是天真的、幼稚的。
对此丑陋的规则，难道中国人就不感到恶心，就不想去改变它？中国人也感到恶心，也想去改变它，但从来就没有成功过，因为他是中国传统专制帝国的一个有机组成部分，它的渊源正是中国人崇拜的儒教。
儒教不是教人诚信的吗？相互欺诈怎能归罪于他？还是来让我们来看看儒教是怎样教人的诚信的吧。
子曰：“弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，（处世谨慎而诚实守信）泛爱众，而秦人；行有余力，则以学文”。⑸（《论语•学而》）
子夏曰：“与朋友交，言而有信。虽曰未学，吾必谓之学矣”。⑹《论语•学而》
子曰：“君子不重则不威，学则不固；主忠信，（座仁义忠信诚实为主）无友不如己者，过则勿惮改”。⑺（《论语•学而》）
子曰：“人而无信，不知其可也……。”（一个人不讲信用，不知道他将如何立身处世。）⑻（《论语•为政》）
……
孔丘师徒讲诚信，言之凿凿，如果我们人人都按“圣人”的话去做，岂不是就可以杜绝欺诈了吗？怎能将欺诈归罪于儒教呢？
先不要急于下结论，还是让我们把他们师徒的话听完。
子贡问道：“怎么样才可以算士呢？”孔丘说：“对自己的行为有羞耻心，出使外国不辱君命，就可以算士了。”子贡说：“请问那次一等的呢？”孔丘说：“宗族里称赞他孝顺，乡亲们称赞他敬爱兄长。”子贡说；“请问那再次一等的呢？”孔丘说：“说话一定守信用，行为一定有结果，这是倔强固执的小人那！不过也可以算是那次一等的了。”（原文：言必信，行必果，硁硁然小人哉！抑亦可以为次矣。）（硁硁：认真固执的样子。）⑼（《论语•子路》）
子曰：“君子贞而不谅。”（君子坚守正道而不拘泥于信用）⑽（《论语•卫灵公》）
孟子曰：“大人者，言不必信，行不必果，唯义所在。”（高尚的人，说出的话没必要守信，所办的事没必要有结果，只要符合道义就行了）（11）（《孟子•离娄下》）
孟子曰：“君子不亮（同谅），恶乎执！”（君子不守信用，认真固执是不好的）（12）（《孟子•告子下》）
哦！原来孔孟的诚信是针对百姓、小人说的，君子、大人是没必要遵守的，谁遵守，谁就成了“硁硁”的小人了，就不是君子了。这种针对百姓、小人的诚信，是奴才的诚信。的确，如果百姓、小人们不诚信，不老实，统治起来不就太困难了吗？
子曰：“上好礼，则民莫敢不敬；上好义，则民莫敢不服；上好信，则民莫敢不用情。”（13）（《论语•子路》）
子夏曰：“君子信而后劳其民，未信，则已为厉己也；……”（14）（《论语•子张》）（君子应先确立信誉，然后再去劳役人民，不然的话，人民就会认为君子在伤害欺骗自己。）
孔丘师徒不让君子们讲信用，但为了奴役人民，还必须做做样子。这不是明着在教统治者怎样去欺骗人民的吗？
儒教是一种积极入世的宗教，他认为人们通过学习就可以提高自己的道德修养，就可以成为君子。君子，是褒义的，是指道德高尚的人；小人是贬义的，是指道德败坏的人。人是向善的，都愿意当君子而不愿当小人，人们坚持不懈学习的最终结果就是个个都成了“言不必信，行不必果”的君子。
表面上儒教在教人诚信，实际上他是个地地道道的欺诈教唆犯。
儒教的欺骗性很强，这在“诚信”上表现得最明显。
孔丘和孟轲说君子可以不守信用，是有个冠冕堂皇的条件的，那就是君子行事要符合道义。他们所说的“道义”是个什麽东西呢？就是道教所追求的那个惚兮恍兮，窈兮冥兮的，莫测高深，通融善变的“道”。认真、固执、信用、操守等“硬”的东西都是与这个“虚”的、“软”的“道”所格格不入的。
”是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存，非以其无私邪？故能成其私。“（15）（《老子•七章》）
”将欲歙之，必固张之；将欲弱之，必固强之；将于废之，比固兴之；将欲夺之，必固与之。是谓微明，柔弱胜刚强。鱼不可脱于渊，国之利器不可示于人。“（16）（《老子•三十六章》） |
